The Biological and Psychological Impact of Smoking Cigarettes

The Biological and Psychological Impact of Smoking Cigarettes I have been set the assignment to construct a detailed and comprehensive scientific essay. The essay must be related to an area of the AS course(AQA). I have decided to do my essay on the biological and psychological impacts of smoking cigarettes. I will provide a brief section on the history of smoking and cigarettes. I will then discuss the composition and contents of cigarettes and the biological and psychological effects of smoking. I will make sure I cover each area in great detail, paying particular attention to the effects it has on the cardiovascular and respiratory system. I will also try to use a variety of sources in helping†¦show more content†¦The chemicals in tobacco smoke are very poisonous and toxic. They cause a variety of different diseases all other the body. They affect the cardiovascular and respiratory system; they also have physiological impacts and are very closely associated with many types of cancer. In 1936 an American doctor, Alton Ochsner was intrigued by an outbreak of lung cancer cases, which was extremely rare and unusual in those days as he himself had only encountered it once before. He investigated the patients and found that all of them were cigarette smokers(7). This led to an epidemiological study to be carried out in the UK and the USA. These studies concluded independently that smoking was correlated with lung cancer. Since then committees have been established. Many reports and investigations have been carried out concerning the health risk of smoking. After several experiments and tests scientists found the contents of cigarettes to be very alarming. From their testing and studies they found that smoking was very likely causing many other diseases(1). From their chemical analysis of the composition and contents of the cigarette they found it to contain many toxic poisonous chemicals in the cigarette and the smoke emitted. From their research they foundShow MoreRelatedLJones Perceptions And Causes Ofpsycho Pathology1634 Words   |  7 Pagesexamines the causes, development, and possible treatment for the disorders. Essentially, psychopathology encompasses three aspects that are considered as directly related to the mental disorders. These facets include the biological considerations, social issues, and psychological aspects of any mental condition. In fact, the initial perception of mental illness was associated with religious issues such as possession by demons and evil spirits. However, famous ancient physicians like Hippocrates andRead MoreEffectiveness Of Models Of Health1647 Words   |  7 Pagesrelation to Smoking-related Conditions Models of health include biomedical model and social models.  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Firstly, this essay explains why as patterns of illness change over the last 150 years, social models are more relevant than biomedical model in helping us understand causes of ill health. Secondly, it discusses how social models like Biopsychosocial and Dhalgren and Whitehead’s model are effective, to a certain extent, in explaining current trends in significant health issues like smoking-related conditionsRead MoreSocial And Ecological Model Of Public Health1480 Words   |  6 Pagesto a larger social network (Coreil, 2010). This model is organized according to five hierarchical levels of influence: intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and society (Coreil, 2010). Intrapersonal level can include biological and psychological factors such as genetics, cognition, and personality; interpersonal level is identified as home, family, and peer group influences; organizational level include w ork and school settings, civic associations, and health care organization;Read MoreEssay about How Psychologists Define and Explain Substance Abuse1855 Words   |  8 Pageselements: - Physical and psychological. Physical dependency refers to the body having adjusted to the substance and including it for regular functioning of body tissue. This then induces two effects, the first being tolerance where the body adapts and requires larger dose of substance to achieve similar effect. The second being, withdrawal where the individual suffers from unpleasant side effects upon abstaining from substance. Psychological dependency, (the second Read MoreSmoking And Smoking1340 Words   |  6 Pages Part A Explanation for Problem Smoking is a habit that exists in a significant number of the global population. On the global scale, nearly 1.1 billion people practice the habit or â…“ of the adult population. The most appropriate explanation for the existence of this problem is social learning. Many smokers develop the habit primarily due to the influence of social settings. Some cultural rituals around the world promote smoking tobacco among adults especially the men in the communityRead MoreCommon Mental Disorders in Colombian Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesmental disorders are more frequent among women than men; it seems that women are more sensitive to stressors. Around the world, common mental disorders produce a negative impact on life quality of many women. However, in developing countries a significant number of women with a common mental do not ask for medical or psychological help due to the stigma attached to mental disorders.2 Common mental disorders show a complex relationship with genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors playRead MoreThe Debate Of Nature Vs Nurture1364 Words   |  6 PagesConversely, the nurture theory argues that all environmental variables impact who individuals are, including early childhood experiences, how individuals were raised, social relationships, and surrounding culture (Cherry, 2017). However, people are born neither â€Å"good† nor â€Å"bad†, but they are a product of their social and psychological traits, influenced by their upbringing and environment. Today, the validity of biological and psychological explanation of criminality is no longer considered valid becauseRead MoreRecent Top Five Causes of Death in Ameri and South Africa1591 Words   |  6 Pages 2007). In health psychology there are two schools of thought, the biomedical school of thought and the biopsychosocial school of thought. The biomedical school of thought holds the view that we are biological beings therefore any health related concerns we experience may only be viewed as biological. The biomedical model holds the belief that â€Å"disease either comes from outside the body, invade the body and cause physical changes within the body, or originates as internal involuntary physical changes†Read MoreCigarette Smoking Becomes Deviant?2066 Words   |  9 Pagessociety is moving toward regarding cigarette smoking as deviant. Before determining whether it is true or not, there is a need to define what is deviant. According to the Oxford dictionary (2008), deviant means â€Å"different from what most people consider to be normal and acceptable† (p. 547). What does it mean? To tell what is deviant and how to determine if an act is deviant, different scholars would use different approaches, for example: biological, psychological, and sociological. In this paperRead MoreBenefits and Hazards of Medical Marijuana1034 Words   |  5 PagesI think people that don’t know how to control or don’t have control over marijuana the weed program the d evelopment of the biological control of marijuana program/system, an advisory group was established at the request of biological control researchers who were seeking. It legalizing the use of marijuana as a social catalyst and as a tool with which prior physicians can know about the marijuana controversy, what are the benefits and hazards of medical marijuana? Marijuana is the worst thing you

Condition of African-Americans in the late nineteenth...

Examine the condition of African-Americans in the late nineteenth century and explain why the Thirteenth Amendment, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Fifteenth Amendment, which were enacted to aid the new freedmen, actually did little. In the late nineteenth century after the civil war the U.S. was over, there were about 4 million people that were once slaves that were now set free. The big question for President Lincoln and the presidents that followed was what to do with them? Even though the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments were passed to free and aid the freed slaves it actually did very little to help them at all because many other events that took place, which prevented them from working. The white southern†¦show more content†¦During the sharecropping the Jim Crowe laws were passed, which it illegal for blacks to quite their sharecropping job until all their debts are paid. This kept black working in sharecropping as well as keeping them in debt. The Slaughter-House decision by the Supreme Court limited the power of the Fourteenth Amendment. It declared that the Jim Crowe laws were state laws and that they could not over turn them because the federal government did not have power over state laws. It also declared that national citizenship and state citizenship were different. In the U.S. v. Cruikshank the court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give the federal government power to act against the whites, who attacked a meeting of blacks and conspired deprive them of their rights, and they said that the duty of protecting equal rights for citizens was in the states hands. So the federal government could not do anything about one person violating another’s civil rights that lived in the same state. The Fifteenth Amendment gave black males over the age of 21 the right to vote. However, southern states set up poll taxes and literacy test in order to keep most blacks from voting. In order to keep the white votes they set up the grandfather clause, which allowed the seventy-five percent of the poor illiterate white people to still vote if they were the son or grandson of someone who was eligible to vote before 1867. During reconstruction a group formed in the south called the Ku KluxShow MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily Character Analysis1269 Words   |  6 Pages A Rose for Emily William Faulkner’s, A Rose for Emily, is an account from an eye witness’ perspective of the life and dilemma of a noble woman belonging to the bankrupt aristocratic family in the late nineteenth century. It’s a tale of a woman who due to her seclusion at the hands of her father and severe critique by the society turns into a mentally unstable person. The character of Emily is intriguing in its stubbornness of defying the changes around her. She is set in her ways and unwillingRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington1630 Words   |  7 PagesBooker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois were very important African American leaders in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They both felt that African Americans should not be treated unequally in education and civil rights. They had beliefs that education is crucial for the African American community where they stressed that educating African Americans would lead them into obtaining government positions, possibly resulting in social change. Washington andRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction Period Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War and Reconstruction period provided African American people with a legal definition of citizenship through three constitutional amendments. Beginning with the 13th Amendment slavery was abolished, then 14th Amendment provided equal protection under the law, and lastly the 15th Amendment allowed all men, including African Americans, the ability to vote. However, the transition from enslavement to freedom was a difficult and terrifying one for most black women as they had little or noRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act And Voting Rights1665 Words   |  7 PagesGrowing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. They chant â€Å"Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492† and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of America’s corrupt political system. It may not be until one is pursing their final years of high school, or perhaps even in college when they are aware of America’s history of possessing a highly restrictive political system. ForRead MoreReshaping Slavery to Make it Legal for Muslims Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesMuslim destinations. 1 â €Å"Labour shortages occurred within the Southern Iranian and Persian Gulf Region during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries resulting in fresh demands for imported labour to work in the Gulf pots, in the coastal villages and in local militia. The East African slave trade provided the temporary labour until the First World War.†2 It is remarkable the combination of several forms of slavery and coerced labor in the labor market.3 The economic change and the rising demand ofRead MoreThe Populist Party, Political And Economic Changes Did The Party Advocate? Why Were They Considered So Radical993 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic issues gave rise to the Populist Party, and what political and economic changes did the party advocate? Why were they considered so radical? Due to â€Å"†¦falling agricultural prices and growing economic dependency† (Foner 636) in the mid-nineteenth century, farmers in the South began to face inevitable economic uncertainty. Farmers, both white and black alike, were thrown into poverty due to sharecropping and the fall of the price of cotton, and many faced the fear of losing everything they hadRead MoreSlavery1305 Words   |  6 Pages1670 the crop, tobacco, took over the nation. In fact, slavery didn’t really come into play in the laws until the 1660s. In the early 1680s Virginia wanted to alter what a slave was, earlier defined by the House of Burgess. The Europeans saw African Americans as human beings, but their actions towards them did not say the same. Slaves that used to be put to work while on the ships did not appreciate it at all. Almost 15% of the slaves on the ship die on their way to a destination due to no food orRead MoreThe Black Codes Of Mississippi1086 Words   |  5 PagesReport on Conditions in the South was written in 1865 by Carl Schurz. This report was ordered by President Lyndon B. Johnson, Johnson wanted a report of whether the southern whites had accepted emancipation and their defeat or not, and whether the Unionists and southern ex-slaves were safe and receiving fair treatment in the South. During the Late Nineteenth Century, white southerners used strict laws within the legal system and violence to prolong the economic and political oppression of African AmericansRead MoreThe Making Of A Nation1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe Making of a Nation The history of the United States could nearly not be written without the affirmation and recognition of the practice of slavery on American soil. Made to remain docile and obedient, the physical and psychological turmoil inflicted on imported humans seen merely as property has shaped and molded the very foundation this great nation stands upon. The life of a slave seemed to be that of a meager, inhumane being. They were worked until their muscles ached, beat until their skinRead MoreThe Progressive Era And Its Impact On American History1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe Progressive Era was a period of broad and varied movement which changed American values and life styles by having everlasting impact on American History. Most of the people during the progressive eras, lives changed through. During the Progressive Era Women wanted the right to vote and work outside their homes. Workers wanted better wages, hours, and safe condition while they are working. Coming with people who had race, which means all people wo were not white, they wanted a freedom, place to

My Beautiful Mind Essay Free Essays

Living with Schizophrenia â€Å"The mind is indeed a beautiful thing. It is the reason for our ingenuity, artistic originality and maybe even our humanity. What happens however when the mind works against us? When it tricks us into believing that what is not real to be the actual, destroying our sense of being? † (Angelo) We see this played out firsthand in the life of John Forbes Nash Jr. We will write a custom essay sample on My Beautiful Mind Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now in â€Å"A Beautiful Mind. † The film was directed by Ron Howard and starred Russell Crowe, who plays John Nash, Paul Bettany, who plays Nash’s imaginary friend Charles, and Jennifer Connelly, who plays Nash’s wife Alicia. The movie â€Å"won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Supporting Actress. It was also nominated for Best Leading Actor, Best Editing, Best Makeup, and Best Scoreâ€Å" (A Beautiful Mind). â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† â€Å"presents itself as a biography of the flesh-and-blood John Nash. And in fact, it is really only a flashy, sentimental Hollywood movie, inspired by a few particular details of the John Nash story. (Overstreet) This review is accurate in this description, director Ron Howard delivers a brilliant master peace but it is not all fact. For instance, John Nash never had visual hallucinations and he divorced his wife and later remarried. Though it is not an accurate representation, John Forbes Nash, Jr. did suffer from schizophrenia. John Forbes Nash, Jr. , or John Nash as he is referred to in the movie, was born June 13, 1928 in Bluefield, West Virginia where he was raised. Nash took classes from Bluefield C ollege while still attending Bluefield High School. After graduating from high school in 1945, he enrolled at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on a Westinghouse scholarship, where he studied chemical engineering and chemistry before switching to mathematics. He received both his bachelor’s degree and his master’s degree in 1948 while at Carnegie Tech. † (John Forbes Nash, Jr. ). The film begins as Nash is attending Princeton University for his postgraduate work in mathematics and writes his thesis on non-cooperative games which he later receives the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. In the movie Nash gets a job at Massachusetts Institution of Technology after graduating from Princeton. It is at MIT where Nash meets his future wife, Alicia, and falls in love with her and she remains his faithful mate even through his maddening episodes of schizophrenia. The film differs from reality in many instances, his love life being one of them. In reality Nash had a trivial relationship with a nurse by the name of Eleanor Stier, they had a son together and named him John David Stier. After the child was born Nash abandoned both of them and went through a homosexual stage, in the mid-1950s he was â€Å"arrested in a Santa Monica restroom on a morals charge related to a homosexual encounter† (John Forbes Nash, Jr. ). This was said to have caused him to lose his job at MIT and caused him to want to get married. Only now is Alicia brought into the picture, a student of his at MIT from El Salvador. John Forbes Nash, Jr. and Alicia Lopez-Harrison de Larde get married in 1957 and two years later Alicia admits John Nash to the mental hospital. In the movie he is tackled by two men and a third, Dr. Rosen, administers a sedative and they haul Nash away in their car, all while students and teachers are watching. Schizophrenia is described as being a â€Å"mental disorder characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality. † (Schizophrenia) Normally it occurs in young adulthood and manifests itself in auditory hallucinations paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, while visual hallucinations are possible they are extremely rare and John Nash Jr. said that he only had auditory hallucinations. The visual manifestations in the movie were only to intrigue the audience and to clarify the sincerity and the reality of the disease. Schizophrenia is a very rare disease, affecting half of one percent of the population of the world and scientists and doctors know little more about it presently than when John Nash was diagnosed. While knowledge of schizophrenia is scarce people have found some useful treatments such as Insulin Shock Therapy and certain medications such as Typical Antipsychotic and the newer Atypical Antipsychotic, we see John Nash undergo the Insulin Shock Therapy in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Insulin Shock Therapy however has been replaced by newer and more effective medications. The Typical Antipsychotics are the pink pills that Nash takes after his hospitalization. He says these medications make it hard for him to focus and he cannot respond to his wife so he stops taking them. This only causes further pain when Nash’s hallucinations all come back. Nash eventually learns how to cope with these hallucinations and just ignores them. In conclusion, the movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† is a very inspirational film that fills the audience with we and intrigue as they watch Nash learn to live with schizophrenia and attempt to remain a viable part of society. John Forbes Nash Jr. has influenced economics, mathematics, and physics, he taught at two major universities, he got married, he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and he showed millions that it is possible to do all these things while living with schizophrenia. Works Cited Angelo. â€Å"Beauti ful Mind, A (2001)† MovieFreak. com – The Film Palace. 13 January 2010. Web. 04 March 2010. Overstreet, Jeffrey. A Beautiful Mind (2001)† Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter, Inc. 12 May 2004. Web. 04 March 2010. http://www. rottentomatoes. com/m/beautiful_mind/ â€Å"A Beautiful Mind (Film)† Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 04 March 2010. Web. 04 March 2010. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/A_Beautiful_Mind_(film) â€Å"John Forbes Nash, Jr. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 04 March 2010. Web. 04 March 2010. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash,_Jr â€Å"Schizophrenia† Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 01 March 2010. Web. 04 March 2010. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Schizophrenia How to cite My Beautiful Mind Essay, Essays

A Streetcar Named Desire, Literary Analysis free essay sample

Williams took great care in applying each of these literary device techniques to the theme as he presents an intriguing contrast between Blanche and Stanley, vivid images both animalistic and broken, and imploring the use of the Odyssey to further deepen his characters. Each of these devices though varied in style combine effortlessly in this tragedy. One of the ways that Williams portrays his theme in this play was by using the literary device Foil. This is most important in characterization and is also seen in the economy vs. relationships. In the play Williams purposefully misdirects readers by using male against female. As in Stanley telling Stella what to do in certain situations, and also telling Blanche what she is going to do about the papers and Napoleonic code about â€Å"lost Belle Reve. † (Williams 40-43) There is also the Poker Table scene in which this places Stella and Blanche in opposition and Mitch and Stanley. We will write a custom essay sample on A Streetcar Named Desire, Literary Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mitch wants to continue talking with Blanche and Stanley wants Mitch to come and play poker. Mitch continually tries to leave saying that he needs to get home to his sick mother. Stanley obviously does not understand Mitch’s situation and his need to be home. Stanley is really impatient as in he doesn’t like any distractions while he is playing his game. Stanley and Blanche both struggle for Stella’s attention, and they both want Stella on their side. In A Streetcar Named Desire the literary device known as imagery is constant and throughout the entire play. The image of animal nature is portrayed as equal to Stanley. â€Å"Bears her in the dark,† it is never said, but in those words you can gather that Stanley raped Blanche. The low moans of the clarinet and the blue piano all portray the image of what an animal would do. (Williams 129) Another form of imagery in the play is broken images. There is the broken mirror and Mitch tearing the lamp. There is also Blanche’s husband Hickey killing himself. There is also the loss of the baby which is a broken part of the story. Intertextuality is the shaping of texts meanings by other texts. Williams uses this literary device by referring to Book Nine of the Odyssey. Blanche is equal to deception. She is always flirting with some man especially Stanley. Anytime she gets the chance while Stella is out of the room. Blanche is like Odysseus because she is very well aware of her deceptive truths. She uses them to manipulate in situations. She blinds Stanley by her deceptive ways. Intertextuality is also used in the image of Cyclopes. Stanley portrays the image of Cyclopes. He is also referred to as â€Å"One-eye monster,† in the play. He is referred to this character because of his strong will and physically strong, but he falls easily into Blanche’s trap of being blinded. Although there are many other literary devices that are used throughout A Streetcar Named Desire these devices work together in unison to thoroughly express the theme in their struggle to attain happiness. Though they try very hard the happiness is never really gained. These literary devices are used to create an image in the readers minds that Williams intended to do. I found myself questioning while reading this play, â€Å"Why is the title of the play A Streetcar Named Desire? † Well I found that while reading in the beginning of the play Blanche comes into town and she is a look for a streetcar like a trolley or taxi entitled Desire. So she takes this streetcar to her Stella her sister’s house. At the end of the play Blanche is taken away in a mental institution vehicle she is not well. It is implied that another streetcar came to pick up Blanche, but not one called Desire.